• Realize flexible elastic connection between two metal components
• Transmit radial, axial, torsional and overturning moment loads
• Isolate vibration and mitigate impact from wheel‑rail excitation
• Allow controlled relative displacement, rotation and angular deflection between structures
• Compensate assembly tolerance and installation misalignment
• Avoid rigid metal‑to‑metal contact, reduce structure‑borne noise and protect connected components